A
few years ago, my regional JASNA organization had a meeting in which we looked
at how Jane Austen influenced other writers.
I tackled Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South, and blogged about my
thoughts in these posts:
A friend
of mine and fellow Janeite, Maxene, gave a paper comparing Trollope’s Framely
Parsonage with Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.
After finishing Framely Parsonage and posting about it, I reread Maxene’s
paper and thought it so good that I got her permission to post it on my blog.
So,
for your reading pleasure, courtesy of Maxene…
[Spoiler alert - Maxene does summarize the plot in her paper below]
FRAMLEY PARSONAGE and PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
Attributing
literary influence is always difficult. We’ve seen that even with all the
similarities between North and South
and Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth
Gaskell never did acknowledge being influenced by Jane Austen.
With
Anthony Trollope, it’s a far different matter. Trollope’s novelist mother,
Fanny Trollope, loved to read Austen’s works and they were widely read in the
Trollope household by the entire family.
When
Anthony was nineteen, he stated that Pride
and Prejudice was the best novel in the English language. He retained his
high opinion of Jane Austen throughout his life. So, we may very well ask: was
Trollope thinking of Pride and Prejudice
when he wrote Framley Parsonage in 1859-60?
Framley Parsonage, fourth novel in Trollope’s
Barchester Chronicles, is typically Victorian with multiple interconnecting
plots. I’ll give a summary before turning to an analysis. One plot in the novel
involves Mark Robarts, a young vicar living at Framley Parsonage with his wife,
Fanny. Mark was given the living by his school friend, Lord Ludovic Lufton, who
lives at Framley Park with his mother, Lady Lufton, the reigning social
matriarch of the neighborhood. Mark, trying to climb the social ladder,
foolishly signs a guarantee for the villainous Mr. Sowerby, the local MP. He
eventually faces financial ruin and social scandal when he cannot pay this
debt.
The
second plot concerns Lucy Robarts, Mark’s sister, a petite, rather plain young
woman, who comes to live with Mark and Fanny at the Parsonage. Lord Lufton,
after some initial hesitancy, falls in
love with Lucy, seriously displeasing his mother, Lady Lufton, who has already
made an arrangement with the Archdeacon’s wife, Mrs. Grantley, whereby Ludovic
would marry Griselda Grantley, beautiful, but shallow and insipid. Lady Lufton tells her son: “She (Lucy) is not
of that class from which I would have you choose.” Ludovic, however, proposes
to Lucy and she, knowing of his mother’s hostility, refuses him, for his sake,
and lies to him about her love for him. Lucy declares that she will marry Ludovic
only if his mother asks her to do so.
It
isn’t until Lucy has shown her real mettle by caring for the critically-ill
Mrs. Crawley, wife of a poverty-stricken curate, thus endangering her own life
to save that poor woman’s, that Lady Lufton realizes Lucy’s strength of
character and her worthiness to marry Ludovic. Lady Lufton then goes to the
Crawley cottage and asks Lucy to marry her son.
Just
from this short summary, we can see some similarities with Pride and Prejudice.
When
we look further, we can see that there are similarities in the financial
positions of the two heroines. Both Lucy and Lizzy are poor, Lucy even poorer
than Lizzy and also an orphan. And note the similar names as well. Neither
young woman is considered to be a beauty, Lizzy being compared unfavorably to
her much prettier sister, Jane, and Lucy to the elegant but heartless Griselda
Grantley.
Secondly,
there is a putative pre-arranged marriage in both novels. Lady Catherine and
Lady Anne Darcy supposedly had committed their progeny “while in their cradles”
to a life together while Lady Lufton and Mrs. Grantley have decided that their
children should wed.
Thirdly,
unequal marriages play a part in both novels. Lord Lufton is aristocratic and
wealthy, and we know that Mr. Darcy has at least 10,00 pounds a year. But here
is where there is a great difference between the two novels. Trollope, the
Victorian, acceded to his era’s conventional wisdom that an unequal marriage,
based on social position and wealth, would lead to misery since the young lady
would never be able to fit into an elevated society and to fulfill her social
responsibilities. To that conventional wisdom, Austen would say: “Ha!” Austen’s
idea of an unequal marriage is inequality of intellect. Conventional wisdom
would applaud Lucy’s refusal of Ludovic’s proposal as well as Lizzy’s of Mr.
Darcy’s first, but, as we know, Austen did not have Elizabeth refuse Darcy
because of any perceived social inequality, but rather because of his treatment
of Jane and Wickham.
The
real difference between the novels is expressed in the two scenes between Lady
Lufton and Lucy on the one hand and of
Lady Catherine and Lizzy on the other.
We recall that Lizzy rejects Lady Catherine’s attempts to paint her as a
polluter of the shades of Pemberley.”He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s
daughter,” she affirms and she refuses to promise never to enter into a
betrothal with Mr. Darcy. Lizzy also says these important words: “And with
regard to the resentment of his family, or the indignation of the world, if the
former were excited by his marrying
me, it would not give me one moment’s concern—and the world in general would
have too much sense to join in the scorn.”
But
in Lucy’s scene with Lady Lufton, she says the following: “ I could not endure
to come into this house as your son’s wife, and be coldly looked on by your
son’s mother. Much as I loved him, much as I do love him, dearly as I prize the
generous offer which he came down here to repeat to me, I could not live with
him to be made the object of your scorn. I sent him word, therefore, that I
would have him when you would ask me, and not before.” The narrator states that Lady Lufton: “did sympathize with her, and admire her, and
to a certain extent like her….and to feel that but for certain unfortunate
concomitant circumstances the girl before her might have made a fitting Lady
Lufton.” Lucy acts out of pride, yes, but a different type of pride from Lizzy’s.
As the narrator states: “strong as her love was yet her pride was perhaps
stronger.” Lucy bows down to social convention—She will not go where she is not
welcomed.
Fourthly,
both Lizzy and Lucy underestimate their
lovers. When Darcy leaves the inn at Lambton, Lizzy believes she will never see
him again. With Lydia’s situation
resolved without scandal, she regrets Darcy’s having known about it since she thinks
he would never renew his offer to someone related to Wickham. However, as we
know, Darcy has raced to the rescue for Lizzy’s sake and done so
altruistically, not wishing her to know what he has done.
In Framley Parsonage, Ludovic, too, acts
faithfully and heroically. He, unfortunately, must suffer another rejected
proposal by Lucy, but he also rescues a family member. He redeems Mark’s debts,
blaming himself for not warning Mark about Sowerby’s machinations, and thus
saves Mark from financial ruin.
In
both novels, there is a theme of indebtedness, albeit less strong in Pride and Prejudice. Darcy, in trying to
keep from Lizzy knowledge of his part in saving Lydia, doesn’t want her to
incur any debt to him. When he renews his proposal, he wishes her acceptance to
be free and open and not clouded by her gratitude. Lucy, by insisting that Lady
Lufton ask her to marry Ludovic, wants to be welcomed into her new family
without feeling indebted.
With
Ludovic’s paying of Mark’s debts, the two plots of Framley Parsonage—the church-related and the courtship, come
together. Pamela Regis, in her History of
the Romance Novel, writes that the “Lucy-Ludovic plot reproduces the
thematic concerns of the church plot with the elements of the romance novel.”
Both plots hinge on the unpayable debt.
In
her Persuasions article: Pride and Prejudice and Framley Parsonage: A StructuralResemblance, Barbara Horwitz summarizes the similarities between the two
novels: “the lovers’ unequal social and economic situations, their initial
disdain for each other, an overbearing and interfering older female relative, a
sibling in need of rescue, the initial proposal and refusal, the heroine’s
surprise at the moral worth and constancy of the hero, a second, more favorably
received proposal, suspicion that the heroine’s motives are mercenary, and the
eventual marriage and settling down happily on the family property.”
The
basic difference between the two novels is in their respective heroines. Trollope wrote in the Victorian period. His
heroine is more restricted, as is the period in which she was created.
Elizabeth Bennet is a product of the less strait-laced Regency society as well as
being the creation of a more socially rebellious author who, in Pride and Prejudice, defies the accepted
social conventions.
After
Trollope’s death, an article in the Spectator
linked the two authors: “The loss of Mr. A. Trollope makes us turn back from
his long series of elaborate pictures of English society…to those in which Miss
Austen painted the rural society of England during the end of the last and
beginning of the present century.” In a Persuasions
article by Pamela Neville-Sington: Jane Austen and the Trollopes, the author
concludes: “Anthony Trollope was his mother’s son, but he preferred to be
thought of as Jane Austen’s literary successor.”
***
Thank you, Maxene, for that terrific article. Now let's go back to reading Austen!
